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History & Culture |
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There is much speculation with regards to ancient civilization in Britain. This most certainly is because of an extremely limited amount of ancient artifacts that have been recovered in Britain. The most famous of Britain's ancient landmarks is, of course, Stonehenge. The seemingly strategically aligned stones remain a modern mystery and suggest a culture that had an advanced knowledge of agriculture and the seasons. Tourists from all around the world travel to Britain to marvel at this amazing piece of ancient history today.
Recorded history of Britain begins with the Roman invasion in 55 B.C.. Julius Caesar and his troops crossed the English Channel and found a very small culture of Celts had established small villages throughout the countryside. The Romans easily assumed leadership of Britain, and would rule for nearly 400 years. The only resistance they faced was from the Scottish tribes in the far north. The Roman Emperor Hadrian constructed a wall, which would assume his name, to protect the northern tribe from the Romans and marked the northern-most border of the Roman Empire. The wall remains, along with the Roman baths in present-day Bath, today as superbly preserved monuments to this period of British history. The Romans also left a network of roads which would serve the nation for hundreds of years to come, and still do in some places. They also left a new religion, Christianity, which would have far reaching effects on the people of this island nation for many, many years as well.
The beginning of the fall of the Roman Empire ended Roman occupation of Britain when Roman troops were called back to continental Europe to solidify lands closer to home. The native Celts were forced north and west by invading Angles, Saxons and Jutes. The land fell under the rule of the Anglo-Saxons for the next 400 years. During this time the foundations of present-day England were established as the country was divided into shires. Though the Romans left legacies of their Catholicism the dominant religion during these early years was Teutonic. This changed only when monk Augustine converted the nobles and kings to Christianity at the end of the 6th century. Trade steadily increased with the exportation of wool and metal and monastaries were at the heart of learning; but together amassed wealth enough to attract Viking invaders. Early attempts were thwarted by Alfred the Great's early naval fleet, but eventually the Vikings made their way up the Thames and managed to haul down the one bridge that connected the north and south banks in London. Their culture would become assimilated and the leader of the Danes, Cnut, would eventually become the king. The economy flourished as ties with Viking France brought strong trade routes. It was during the reign of Edward the Confessor that the spectacular Westminster Abbey was commissioned. When Edward died his successor and brother-in-law Harrold would be crowned at the Abbey, but this infuriated his brother William who launched a victorious attack at the Battle of Hastings. William the Conqueror would be crowned on Christmas Day, 1066 in the newly finished Westminster Abbey, and commenced his successful leadership of the country. It was William who, in an effort to reward his supporters, divided the land between barons, who in turn doled portions of their reward to lesser nobles for their services, thus imposes the feudal system which left the serfs to act as slaves in this hierarchy. Much time was spent devoted to protecting the borders; William was responsible for many fortifications around London and England, notably The Tower of London.
The centuries that followed were marked by variable alliances between Plantagenet and Tudor kings. With the subjegation of Wales in 1288 and the Battle of Bannockburn which solidified Scottish Independence in 1314, domestic relations were strained. The outbreak of the Black Plague in 1348 would wipe out nearly half the population. England would be no stranger to strife when it became embroiled with France over trade rights resulting in the Hundred Years War in 1337. During this battle with France many military advances were made and the importance of the Royal Navy was established.
Civil War broke out in England in 1455 when Lancashire and Yorkshire fought over the thrown in what was known as the War of the Roses. The monarchy varied back and forth between the powers until Henry Tudor, victoriously ascended the thrown in 1485 and began the Tudor dynasty. It was his son Henry VIII who would spur the English Reformation after the Pope would not grant a divorce from his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. The Reformation created the 'Church of England' and marked the beginning of centuries of religious contention in Britain. Henry VIII's daughter, Elizabeth, the third of his children to assume the thrown, would lead the country through the Golden Age. Her reign is marked politically by the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, intellectually by the feat of Sir Francis Drake and economically by Sir Walter Raleigh's introduction of tobacco to Britain which spurred a healthy trade partnership between the Americas and Britain. Under her rule British culture was enriched by a flourishing creative community including the likes of William Shakespeare, whose Globe Theatre was constructed on the south bank of the Thames. Travelers still come from all over the world to see the modern replica of this great theater today.
The Stuart dynasty commenced upon Elizabeth I's death. James VI of Scotland, who became James I of England joined together the two nations in a united Britain, but conflict between Parliament and the Crown ensued. James I believed in the Divine Right of Kings, and wanted little to do with the established Parliament. Tense relations lasted for many years between the two powers until Charles I dissolved Parliament resulting in a civil war which raged from 1622 through 1649. Charles I was beheaded, and the republican Oliver Cromwell assumed leadership of the nation. Upon Cromwel's death however, the country returned to the monarchy and flourished under Charles II. James II ascended the crown following his brother and attempted to restore Catholicism and the absolute monarchy. Newly formed political organizations forced him to flee and his daughter Mary assumed the thrown. The 'Glorious Revolution' that followed marked the beginning of Parliament's supremacy over the Crown. In 1707 Scotland and England were formally united by the Act of Union. Scotland retained its church and legislature. Trade steadily increased as did the wealth of the country and her citizens.
The late 18th century is marked by numerous expeditions of the world. The British Empire set out to conquer far reaching lands. Successes included New Zealand, Australia, India, West Africa, several Caribbean islands, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. These expeditions combined with the industrialization at home led to great success for Britain. Scottish inventor James Watt made vast improvements to the steam engine which paved the way for powerful trains, ships and machinery. Infrastructural improvements were prioritized and the rail system, roads and canals were upgraded and expanded.
Queen Victoria would be the first to call the newly restored Buckingham Palace home. The worldly success of Britain would reach its pinnacle during the Victorian age. The Houses of Parliament including their symbolic bell tower and Trafalgar Square in London were introduced during this time. Perhaps the most symbolic legacy of the wealth and splendor of these years was the Great Exhibition of 1851. A breathtaking Crystal Palace was a showcase of Britain's technical and industrial achievements, and remained a symbol of British innovation until it burned in the early 20th century. Unfortunately there is little left to see among the ruins of the Crystal Palace but there is a museum which details the intricate work that was the symbol of a most splendid period in Britain's national history.
More recent 20th century history was marked by two world wars and the independence of Southern Ireland. The country remained relatively unscathed following World War I however, the Blitz of World War II would have devastating effects on the city of London. Hundreds of thousands of people sought shelter in underground stations as Germans heavily bombed the city. It was a most terrifying time for the people of London and Britain, but upon resolution of the war the people of the city and nation proved resilient and managed to rebuild and rejuvenate their nation. Tourism has become a most successful industry as people travel to Britain from all over the world to stand on the grounds where some of the world's most fascinating history took place. Most recently British Airways commissioned a monstrously magnificent 'London Eye.' Its seat on the bank of the Thames in London attracts tens of thousands of visitors each year and offers a wonderful sweeping view from London above.
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Shopping |
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For those travelers who put their well-fashioned foot forward, London offers the finest world-renown designers, the highest end boutiques and top of the line products from all over the world. But don’t get bogged down by the glitzy price-tags at Covent Garden and Knightsbridge when Oxford and Regents streets are just around the corner, and where you are sure to find bargains galore! Discount stores are commonly found throughout the country. But for the best deals, find any on of the open-air markets in London and throughout Britain. They are a great place to find deals on everything from clothing to bric a brac and of course the ubiquitous antiques! People travel to Britain from all over the world to stroll for days on end through antique markets and antique shops in Britain. There is a plethora of items to choose from and there are exceptional deals to be found. During your trip to Britain be sure to experience the atmosphere of an open-air market. In the warm summer months locals and tourists alike converge on town greens across Britain to celebrate everything from William Shakespeare to herbs. These festivities are a great way for travelers to experience British life, but in order to take advantage sometimes you must hit the open road and travel off the beaten path.
American tourists shopping in Britain can claim their value-added tax for a rebate, provided that more than £50-£100 (depending on the store) is spent at the same store on the same day. Now, not all shops and stores participate in the rebate program, so you will want to check if you are interested in taking advantage of the program. Participating retailers generally offer a “Tax Free Shopping” sign in their window. If this is the case, ask the vendor for the proper documentation. They will usually complete a form describing the merchandise purchased and stating the amount of tax paid. When you leave, no later than 60 days after the date of the purchase, present your receipt to Customs where you will likely be asked to show the merchandise for approval and then directed to the tax-free refund counter for an immediate refund. “Tax free” shopping is a popular option, if you leave time to deal with customs before you depart!
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Sightseeing |
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While most will recognize London's Big Ben and Stonehenge the richness of British heritage can be found throughout the entire country. Driving through the British countryside opens up a world of history rich experiences for travelers. Beyond the wealth of natural beauty, Britain offers travelers a chance to explore her magical history. While you travel in Britain you may be compelled to visit Stratford-upon Avon, the birthplace of William Shakespeare. While you are there you may continue on through the rolling hills towards the Cotswold countryside where you will find clusters of stone-built cottages, exquisite gardens, charming antique shops and tearooms. Then perhaps, it's on to Bath where you can discover this magnificently preserved Georgian town and the Roman baths where visitors travel today explicitly for the mineral waters healing powers. While you are there it will be impossible not to travel to Stonehenge, and marvel at this wonder made by a primitive people centuries before Christianity.
How about a tour of Glastonbury, the legendary site of King Arthur's Camelot, or perhaps a chance to admire the hundreds of medieval statues that adorn the gothic cathedral there? Don't forget Warwick where you will find a charming intermingling of Tudor and Georgian buildings, a plethora of antique shops and markets and one of the most imposing and picturesque medieval castles in all of Europe? Cambridge is also a great stop as you travel in Britain; here you will find a lovely college-town whose ancient origins can still be enjoyed today. While you are there you can visit the magnificent King's College Chapel which is home to Rubens' 'Adoration of the Magi.'
Have you seen the magnificently lavish Royal Pavilion or the medieval fortress of Arundel Castle? Hampton Court Palace is another splendid royal palace, which is rumored to be haunted by the ghosts of several of King Henry VIII's wives! Nearing Windsor, the family estate of the Royal family, spectacular Windsor Castle awaits. A visit to Greenwich is sure to inspire as you admire the famed clipper, the Cutty Sark in the harbor, or stare in wonderment at the colossal Millennium Dome.
There are awe-inspiring monuments throughout Scotland as well. From Stirling Bridge & Castle and the magnificent monument to famous Scot William Wallace, to Edinburgh Castle and the royal estate at Balmoral, while traveling in Great Britain you are fortunate to have the opportunity to truly explore the history of this great nation and the world!
Great Britain offers a range of sights that should be experienced and enjoyed by eager travelers. Each unique landmark welcomes sightseers, photographers and history buffs and a vast number of museums welcome you to enjoy the creations of world-renowned artisans, sculptors and architects, or explore the archaeological treasures of ancient cultures whom at one time occupied and ruled the world. Museums may be the best way to completely immerse yourself in British history and you will find many. This is just a taste of the picturesque and history rich culture waiting for you in Britain! A good pair of walking shoes will be your best friend during your tour of the sites and museums, but your camera may come in a close second!
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Food & Drink |
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Ideas of British cuisine conjure up images of fish and chips wrapped in newspaper and beef and kidney pies topped with delicious buttery pastry crusts. It is true that British food is a delicious blend of tradition and local ingredients. Beyond the traditional British fare while traveling in Britain you have open access to a fabulous array of International cuisine as well. Indian, Japanese, Italian, Chinese, French and Caribbean cuisine can be found around London and beyond. The cultural influences of an ethnically diverse population provide an exceptional opportunity to experience world cuisine at its finest during your trip to Britain.
The basics of British cuisine
Traditional British cuisine includes such ingredients as fish and meats, including pork, beef, chicken and lamb, sausages, pies, potatoes, carrots, onions, baked beans, regional cheeses and freshly baked breads and pastry. Breakfast is an important meal as lunch has become quicker and smaller in modern times, but dinner is also an event. Britons often enjoy an evening meal of meat and vegetables which are usually complimented with a fine gravy. Variations of this tradition vary based on regional differences. Cheese is also a staple of British cuisine, there are many fine varieties which are produced in Britain including Dorset, Exmoor, Buxton and Stilton blues, Beacon Fell traditional Lancashire cheese and Bonchester. While in London you will find that contemporary British cuisine in fact rivals the finest of culinary masterpieces throughout the world. If you are interested in experiencing authentic British cuisine but are not easily persuaded to try Haggis while in Scotland, do be sure to indulge in 'cream tea' while you are in Devon or Cornwall, England. You will be glad you did!
Tea
Tea is an essential dietary staple in Britain. It is consumed morning, noon and night, with nearly every meal, and in fact is quite effective at aiding the digestive process. Tea has long been a tradition in Britain, and though once the drink of royal sophistication, now has become a daily staple across the classes. There are countless varieties of this herbal concoction. There are different strengths, flavors and infusions, but common amongst all is the tradition.
'Elevensies' is not just a hobbit term, it truly is a British tradition of partaking in tea and cakes following breakfast, but before lunch. Tea is enjoyed throughout the day, but afternoon tea is a common 'pick-me-up' enjoyed between lunch and supper and High Tea is a light meal followed with a spot of tea preceding supper. Above all you will find the heart-warming tradition of cream tea in Southwest England to be a most favorite occasion during your travels in Britain.
Cream Tea, also known as Devonshire tea for the Devon cows used to produce the cream, is certainly an event. It includes fine tea served from fine silver to fine china, delicious scones, sumptuous clotted cream, sweet jam and above all good company. The tea, of course is key, and you will want to familiarize yourself with the term 'lump' which implies sugar cube. As a guest you will most certainly be asked if you prefer one lump or two. More importantly you will want to take time to savor the sumptuous clotted cream which will accompany your scone and be topped with jam. This combination of elements culminates with a particularly calming effect and has traditionally been the vehicle for creating friendships and memories during long relaxed conversations over 'cream tea'. As a tradition it truly stands in a category all it's own, and for those who have a fond affinity for Britain, this cultural tradition is sure to inspire you to go back, again and again!
Meals: Breakfast, Lunch and Dinner
A full English breakfast consists of poached or scrambled eggs, with a side dish including bacon, ham or sausages served with biscuits or toast, often tomatoes, mushrooms, baked beans and black pudding are also offered, and the morning meal would not be complete without coffee or tea. In Scotland breakfast fare is closely mirrored but may include a warm bowl of porridge or boiled oats, especially during the colder winter months. Breakfast is traditionally consumed between 7:00 a.m. and 10:00 a.m.. Some hotels in Britain offer a more simple fare called Continental breakfast which consists of toast or pastry, cereals and juice, coffee or tea. For locals breakfast is usually a larger meal as the faster pace of contemporary times have shortened the break for lunch during the work and school day.
Luncheon menus customarily include a variety of hot and cold options ranging from beef and kidney pies to sandwiches and basic pub fare. Lunch is usually consumed between the hours of 12:00 p.m. and 2:00 p.m., though restaurants will serve lunch fare as early as 11:00 a.m. and as late as 4:00 p.m.. Lunch for the British could be bagged and taken to work or school, or may be enjoyed at a local eatery or pub during a lunch break.
Dinner has replaced the larger mid-day meal, traditionally popular before the industrial age. The last meal of the day can consist of such traditional British dishes as Lancashire Hotpot, which contains of meat, onions, potatoes and often other vegetables, which are simmered in a pot a cooked on low heat for the day. Popular as well are dishes like Beef Wellington, fish and chips, bangers and mash, Haggis and meat pies. Dinner is served between the hours of 6:00 p.m. and 8:00 p.m. and can run even later in metropolitan areas, especially London. The quintessential British supper consists of 'a meat and two veggies', one usually being potatoes. It is also common for locals to enjoy high tea in the earlier evening hours. Do not be misled by the name, North Americans usually assume high tea, is afternoon tea, but really this evening meal consists of a light main course of fish or meat and vegetables, followed by tea and cake. Families who incorporate high tea in their daily menu may follow this meal with a sandwich or snack of crisps (crackers) and cheese and pickles before bed.
Drinking
Beer and wine from around the world can be found in Britain, but there are a great variety of locally produced alcoholic beverages, which are unique and quite delicious, as well. Popular British beers include Kentish ale, Rutland bitter and Newcastle Brown ale. Heavily fermented beers are particularly popular throughout Great Britain, and tend to be very flavorsome; varieties of this type of fermentation include mild, bitter, pale ale, porter and stout. Don't forget your proximity to Ireland while traveling in Britain you will surely find Guiness everywhere!
There are nearly 75,000 pubs in Britain where locals convene for a libation over a game of cribbage or darts, dominoes, billiards and of course, to enjoy football. Traditional public houses sometimes serve such light fare as the Ploughman's Lunch, which consists of crisps, cheese and pickles. Some pubs offer only bar snacks like nuts or popcorn.
While visiting Britain you will also find a variety of alcoholic ciders, liquors and wine for those who are not particularly fond of the heavy beers which are so popular throughout this island nation.
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